β-Carotene, the precursor of vitamin A, possesses pronounced radical scavenging properties. beta-carotene increased the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression and decreased the prostanoid synthesis rate-limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 expression.

[1] Okeley, et al. Intracellular Activation of SGN-35, a Potent Anti-CD30 Antibody-Drug Conjugate. Clinical Cancer Research (2010), 16(3), 888-897.

[2] Lisa Buckel, et al. Tumor radiosensitization by monomethyl auristatin E: mechanism of action and targeted delivery. Cancer Res. 2015 Apr 1;75(7):1376-87.